Influence Of Enlightenment On The American Revolution

The ideas of the Enlightenment influenced the American Revolution and the formation of the American Government in several different ways. The Enlightenment period initiated several new ideas about freedoms and rights. These ideas were discussed in meetings called salons in France, where they discussed new ideas. There were many influential philosophers from the enlightenment periods, Thomas Hobbes, Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Voltaire, John Locke, and Rousseau. Thomas Hobbes believed that all people were naturally selfish and needed a strong government like an absolute monarchy to remain in control. Montesquieu supported the separation of powers and a system of checks and balances in government. Adam Smith believed that governments†¦show more content†¦It was our fight to become independent and free. The Enlightenment thinker Adam Smith believed that the government should not interfere with a free market economy. Many of the colonists believed the same, so they dressed up as N ative Americans and dumped imported tea from a ship into the Boston Harbour to protest against the Tea Act. The Tea Act heavily impacted the colonists’ taxes, which is what the colonists were fighting over. This shows that the Enlightenment influenced the American Revolution because the Enlightenment thinker Adam Smith caused the colonists to revolt against Britain’s oppression. Another important Enlightenment thinker, John Locke, also inspired the colonists to revolt because he believed that people were able to revolt when their government was not protecting the natural rights of the people. Since the colonists didn’t like what was happening to the controlling government, they revolted because of John Locke. Finally, Voltaire believed in freedom of speech and expression, meaning that he thought anyone could protest or say what they believed. The colonists were very impacted by this belief, as it inspired them to speak out against the king and revolt. All in all , the American colonists were heavily influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers because they took the new ideas and applied them, causing them to revolt against Britain to gain independence, starting the AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe Influence Of The American Revolution And The Enlightenment799 Words   |  4 Pagesto the American Revolution had tremendous influence over the Founders of the United States. These ideas came together in the creation of the U.S. constitution, working in tandem to lay the foundation for the way the government should be structured, as well as the core philosophy behind the country. The Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason, influenced the rest of the world during the late eighteenth century. There were several revolutions taking place at this time, but the American RevolutionRead MoreThe Enlightenment Principles Of Rationalism And Universal Rights1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment period was a revolutionary time where scientific and rational thought became the chief values of society. Thinkers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were signposts of this era, inspiring populations locally and abroad. This revolution of ideas led to political and societal upheaval throughout the Western world. This essay will argue that the Enlightenment principles of rationalism and universal rights shaped modern Europe and North America through the rejection of absolutistRead MoreRevolutions: The Road to Independence Essay877 Words   |  4 PagesRevolution is a significant change of control or authority within a governmental setting. Most Revolutions are caused by political, social, and economic disputes. Consequently, the common matter for the American, French, and Latin America revolutions emerged to gain their own independence. In North America, the colonists put emphasis on their independence from Great Britain and established a new republic. In France, protesters abolished the authority of France and reorganized the French society,Read MoreClassical Liberalism: Two Treatises on Government by John Locke1152 Words   |  5 PagesLiberalism, the Enlightenment, was a political movement that has impacted countries and their policies over many generations. The Enlightenment emphasized the notion that men are inherently good by nature (Bentley). The Enlightenment gave people the idea that a king was not necessary to rule over the people because people are not inherently bad. If anything, the people need someone to guide them but not have absolute rule over them. Revolutions have been based off of Enlightenment ideals because the yRead MoreThe Intellectual Movement of Enlightment828 Words   |  3 PagesThe intellectual movement of Enlightenment was a very intricate movement that was centralized on the concepts of progression, reasoning, and the scientific method. The Enlightenment thinkers believed they could implement some of these ideas to create a better influence towards societies and people. These ideas changed how humanity viewed the government, politics, and society. Although each philosopher had their own individual concept, they all centered on the themes of equality and freedom. ThomasRead MoreThe Enlightenment Ideas Of The American Revolution1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enlightenment’s ideas in the American Revolution People in America were mad and broke. The colonies did not like the idea of paying high taxes to the King of England. In order to show their rage and anger, they did it by not paying taxes. The King of England was frustrated by the colonist s action and send an army to the Americas to sort this problem out. However, the people of America wanted to be free from England, so with the help of the Enlightenment thinkers and the philosophers, theyRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 Pagesfocuses on the causes of Atlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eight eenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source whichRead MoreRadicalism and Revolutions Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, revolutions have started because of new ideas that change thinking and disrupt what has come to be considered normal. During 1700s, the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions were no exception. The Enlightenment ideas that were spreading around this time lead people of these three nations to question their ruling elites, and to begin considering breaking free. Of these three, though, no one revolt can be seen as more radical when compared to the other two. Each was faced withRead MoreGlobal Echoes Of Atlantic Enlightenment And Revolution921 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Echoes of Atlantic Enlightenment and Revolution There are many different crucial sources that demonstrate the global influences of Atlantic revolutionary movements and Enlightenment views on human rights. Enlightenment philosophies of government and human rights ignited the revolutionary transformation in all of the Atlantic world. Political leaders on both sides of the Atlantic wanted to incorporate European Enlightenment concepts into their societies. Revolutions began to build on one anotherRead MoreImpact Of Enlightenment On The French Revolution878 Words   |  4 PagesI agree that the Enlightenment was force for positive change in society. The Enlightenment was one was the most important intellectual movements in History, as it dominated and influenced the way people thought in Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries. We will look at how it ultimately influenced the American and French Revolution which is still strongly governed by these ideas and principles today. The Age of Enlightenment was a European movement emphasizing reasoning and individualism rather

The Evasive Sonnet CXVI (116) Essay - 2568 Words

In my survey of Shakespeares Sonnets, I have found it difficult to sincerely regard any single sonnet as inferior. However, many of the themes could be regarded as rather trite. For example sonnet XCVII main idea is that with my love away I feel incomplete, sonnet XXIX says that only your love remembered makes life bearable, while sonnet XXXVIII makes the beloved the sole inspiration in the poets life. These themes recycled in love songs and Hallmark cards, hardly original now, would hardly have been any newer in Elizabethan England. However the hackneyed themes of these sonnets is in a sense the source of their essence. These emotions, oftentimes difficult to adequately articulate, are shared by all that have loved, been†¦show more content†¦As quickly as the Shakespearean narrator shifts in stance, not only from quatrain to quatrain but from line to line, it becomes quite easy to fall into the hole of misinterpretation. And thus, some popular sonnets are popular be cause of their misinterpretation. Shakespeares speeds ahead in his poetry while readers are left behind, totally oblivious, but still of the mind that they are following close behind. Sonnet CXVI is one of these evasive sonnets. It is indeed elusive and if we are lucky enough to catch hold of it, we may find that we do not in fact possess it entirely. Most interpretations of Sonnet CXVI focus on the constancy of love, which I concede, is indeed an attribute of the sonnet, but is hardly its main point. Wedged between sonnets that begin Those lines that I before have writ do lie (CXV) and Accuse me thus, that I have scanted all (CXVII) one has to reconsider the facile premise that this poem is only about love in its highest, ideal form. In the present paper, I will focus on sonnet CXVI, but not in conjunction to its surrounding sonnets. Instead I will try to read the sonnet without any inclinations to possessing its meaning and let the sonnet speak for itself. But first let us look at the poem. Below is a copy of a sonnet CXVI: Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit

Critical Strategic Plan Evaluation Burnaby Hospital

Question: Identify and summarize the long-term and short-term plans identified in the organizations plan? Answer: Introduction Burnaby Hospital is the third busiest department of emergency by the province with more than 70,000 number of patients visiting the hospital every year. The Emergency Supertrack of the hospital is focused on providing care to individuals that are presented in the department of emergency with minor ailments like lacerations, infections, allergic reactions, bruises and many more (Walshe, 2008). Supertrack is a dedicated and separate area for non- urgent cases of the patients with a team of unit clerks, physicians and nurses. In context with this hospital, this report will be identifying and summarizing the short term and long term plans of the organization. The report will also be identifying the key stakeholders and the strategic thinking, describing the key strategies at unit level, organizational level, divisional level and corporate level. Long term and Short term Plans The main goal of the hospital is focused on maintaining sustainability as the main goal for both strategic planning of long- term along with the promotion of healing environment. The projects of the strategic development involve a number of levels in order to make the decision (Tan Sheps, 2008). At an increasing rate, executives have been focused to factor within greening and sustainability with the reason that these strategies will be focused on improving the communities of the area but also offsetting the growth in financial pressures in the current era. The hospital can be looking for simple win- win situations in the absence of high amount of capital investment (Shaw, 2008). For meeting the short- term goals in an appropriate and successful manner, there are savings at the bottom line for helping and supporting the financial report card of the health systems, particularly is the organization is to take up larger projects involving large amount of capital. Strategic Thinking and Main Stakeholders Strategic thinking helps the organization for interpreting the patterns related to the decisions on investment that include, money, talent and time. In the situation of Burnaby Hospital, this is considered as a significant source for the enhancement of capabilities within the organization. The form and shape of these particular decisions contribute in revealing what has been initiated by the organization and what has been institutionalized with respect to trust relationships, specialized skills, tacit knowledge, depth in experiencing clinical leadership and social capital (Tan Sheps, 2008). This particular realized strategy is altered for becoming a true strategic vision for the services, embedding it truly within the culture, practices of management and behavior shown by the members of the organization. Since recent times, clinic mergers and hospital, alliances of innovation, and spinning off and the outsourcing of old and new clinical services are focused on exemplifying this rise within the activity of strategies (Walshe, 2008). Strategic thinking within this health care setting including the decision making regarding mix related to care processes, patients and medical pathologies for the improvement of process of services, and reposition the programs of care aiming at international, regional or local patients. The following ways are considered for undertaking the strategic activities (Tan Sheps, 2008): To build the capacity and management of consistency in the culture To acquire other related organizations and to offer the services at a faster rate and in an effective manner Formation of alliances and to offer a less amount of cost but with expedient services For the consideration of these decision, there is a need for practicing strategic planning and strategic thinking related to discipline that is the methods to inquire, identify, select, and implement courses related to the action and a rigorous approach in order to persuade the long- term strategic objectives and goals. The key stakeholders are stated below (Detmer, 2007): Local community and patients Members of the staff that include professionals and employees Volunteers Members of the community Local Networks for Health Integration Ministry of Long- term Care and Health Care Hospital Foundations and Donors Department for Health Information Parties under Contract Other providers of health The entire system of health Strategies of the Organization Since recent times, the directors of the hospital had been focused on the identification of certain strategic issues and problem that had been confronted by the members of the staff in the organization. A serious crisis in finance was being faced and there had been an increased need for restructuring and for restoring the level of confidence. Since then, there has been reorganization of the medical center into the care programs centered by the patient, and a number of changes had been made that lead towards improvement in the quality of services along with improved friendliness and hospitality of the patients (Grimshaw, 2009). After the strategy to restructure the organization, there had been an increase in the volume of patients, and there had been improvement in the situation of finance. In consideration with these particular issues, the organization must be confronting these problems as these have been embedded within the environment of task. Hence, the hospital is focused on referring to anything important within the industry that can impact or can be influences by the desired long- term performance and goals of the organization. Every delivery system of the hospital is focused on establishing its own domain of strategic service that is targeting the categories of diseases and illnesses in an implicit and explicit manner (Shaw, 2008). Hence, it can be stated that at each level of the hospital, strategy is considered as the way in which the decision makers give response to the environment of task. The environment of task can be considered as including the responsibilities at the international, regional or local level. Directional Strategies Considering the directional strategies of the hospital, there is a need for bringing changes in the mission, vision and value statement of the hospital (Tan Sheps, 2008). Mission Statement Improving the health of individuals served by the provision of care with high quality, timely and convenient accessibility with exceptional compassion and service, and a comprehensive number of services. Vision Statement Burnaby Hospital and the related affiliates will be the provider of health in choosing patients and physicians for the delivery of health care services in accordance with the expectations of the patients and their families with ethical consideration. Values The values of the hospital will be considered as the guiding principles serving as the base for everything being thought of, said, and done. These values are code of conduct of the organization, signifying what the hospital stands for. There is refusal for being less in comparison with the values being represented (Tan Sheps, 2008). Any practice, policy, philosophy or behavior that is beyond the scope of these values will be considered unacceptable, and will either be removed or improved. Value Added Services Services for translation: The organization has been providing special services of translation for the assistance of the patients and their families, accompanied with an attendant if needed Services of Ambulance: The hospital has the best in class services of the ambulance in situations of emergency or within the needs being planned Services of Medical Opinion: The hospital has in- house along with empanelled doctors for helping in providing suggestion towards right procedures and treatment for the patients approaching the options of health care Recommendation and Conclusion Since recent times, the directors of the hospital had been focused on the identification of certain strategic issues and problem that had been confronted by the members of the staff in the organization (Walshe, 2008). A serious crisis in finance was being faced and there had been an increased need for restructuring and for restoring the level of confidence. Every delivery system of the hospital should be focused on establishing its own domain of strategic service that is targeting the categories of diseases and illnesses in an implicit and explicit manner. References Detmer, D.E. (2007). A roadmap for national action on clinical decision support. J Am Med Inform Assoc, 14, pp. 141-145. Grimshaw, J. (2009). Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of quality improvement strategies and programmes. Quality and safety in health care, 12, pp. 298-303. Shaw, C. (2008). External assessment of health care. British Medical Journal, 322, pp. 851-854. Tan, J. Sheps, B. (2008). Health decision support systems, Jones Bartlett publishers. Walshe, K. (2008). Evaluating clinical audit: past lessons, future directions, London, Royal Society of Medicine.

Violence On Childrens TV Essays - Dispute Resolution, Crime, Ethics

Violence on Childrens TV Free Swiss Anti-Wrinkle Cream. You Won't Believe Your Eyes! Violence on Childrens TV Are today's children being exposed to too much violence via television? I think so. From the teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, to the Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers, kids are always being exposed to the rock-'em-sock-'em heroes of T.V., or the brainless violence of Beavis and Butthead. When we live in a country where our children watch an average of three to four hours of television daily {quote}, That is a large number of punches, kicks, and many other violent acts that our children are soaking up every day. Is that really what we want for the children of our country? Hundreds of studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children may become "immune" to the horror of violence {quote?}. Gradually they even accept violence as a way to solve problems, imitating the violence they observe on television, as well as identifying with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers. One might ask If we know what is happening, why do they put violence on television? The basic reason is because violence is what people want to see. Much of the American viewing audience, and especially children, will watch the shows with more action before they even think about watching the morally correct ones. Another reason is that some broadcasters claim that there is not enough evidence to prove that TV violence is harmful. But, scientists who have studied this aspect have stated that TV violence and aggressive behavior are linked. In a Children Now Executive Summary, only one of many studies on the issue, experts agreed, among other relevant topics, "that television can have a negative effect on children, encouraging anti-social behavior such as dishonesty or violence." (Heintz-Knowles 2) This study as well as many others show that the violence is there. Another factor that points to children's television being too violent is the aggressive behavior that it is bringing out in the children that are watching it. During the average four hours a day that children watch television, They witness an average of 20 violent acts per hour. That is about 80 violent acts per day and, "Children who watch the violent shows, even 'just funny' cartoons, were more likely to hit out at their playmates, argue, disobey class rules, leave tasks unfinished, and were less willing to wait for things than those who watched the nonviolent programs," says Aletha Huston, Ph.D., now at the University of Kansas. This was the conclusion after a Pennsylvania State University study of 100 preschool children on weather or not violence in the television has an effect on children. If that wasn't enough, Leonard Eron, Ph.D., and his associates at the University of Illinois, performed both laboratory, and field studies which showed that children who watched many h! ours of violent TV when they were young, showed a higher level of aggressive behavior when they became teenagers, and when they grew to be 30, the ones who watched a lot of TV when they were young, were more likely to be arrested and prosecuted for criminal acts. The research seems to definitely support the argument that children's television is too violent. This being so, many parents may ask " What can I do?" Scientists who believe that children learn aggressive behavior from TV also point out that parents have the power over what their children watch. Because of this, many scientists recommend a number of things that parents can do. Reduce the amount of hours of TV that your children watch, watch at least one episode of the shows your children watch, and when they see a violent act on the show that their children are watching, discuss it with your child and tell them that this kind of behavior is not good and not the way to solve problems. Some other ways to answer the "What can I do" question is to Ban any shows that you think are too offensive for your children to be watching, and Encourage your children to watch shows that demonstrate good qualities, like caring and sharing. I think it is pretty clear that the children of America are being exposed to way too much violence on television. It is also clear that this exposure is having a negative effect on them. This should be a wake up call to everyone. We need to stop the violence on television and stop it now, the children of our country will be affected. So, parents of America, try to keep your kids away from the violence

Knowledge of Organizational Management

Knowledge of Organizational Management Introduction Leadership in profit making and non-profit making organizations has been under study for the past one century. As a result, there have been various theories explaining effective leadership in profit and non-profit making organizations. Leaders have been defined as being individuals with lots of impacts on others to act in a manner that will ensure attainment of organization’s goal or objective.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge of Organizational Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there has been no enough information explaining the application of such leadership theories in business setting. In addition, the strength and weaknesses of contemporary leadership models have not been exploited fully. As a result, this easy critically demonstrates an application of my knowledge of organization management by synthesizing the information from different readings and class work into work and life experience in organization management. Primary Leadership Theories According to Yuki (1994), â€Å"the main primary leadership theories used in profit and non-profit organizations are Trait Theory, the Behavior Theory and the Contingency Theory. Current leadership theories being researched are Transformational and Servant Leadership.† (Yukl, 1994) Trait Theory: this theory assumes that people are born already having traits which are inherited from generation to another in their lineage. There are some traits which are suited for leadership while others are not. As a result, proponents of this theory try to differentiate different traits in leaders who have been perceived as being great. They have tried to research on physical traits like the leaders’ height as well as psychological like temperament. At long last, their studies have proved the fact that there exist no universal traits of such leaders. However, there are some traits which were found to be of much significance for any leader. Such traits include â€Å"Adaptable to situations, Alert to social environment, Ambitious and achievement-orientated, Assertive, Cooperative, Decisive and Dependable,† (Science.jrank.org 2011) among others. On the other hand, the theory identifies various skills required by any leader in order to be termed as great. Such skills include, â€Å"Clever (intelligent), conceptually skilled, Creative, Diplomatic and tactful, Knowledgeable about group task, Organized, Persuasive, and socially skilled.† (Science.jrank.org 2011) Behavior Theory: it has been stipulated that, behaviors are significant for any leader. This is because; it has been assumed that, behaviors are very important as compared to physical characteristics or mental traits. Studies have found that â€Å"Two types of behavior correlate with great leaders, according to the theory: the ability to organize a task and the ability to express consideration for subordinates.† (Rowe 2007)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contingency theory: according to this theory, the most significant quality of any great leader is his or her capability to respond to any contingency that he or she is faced with. Some of these significant contingencies include â€Å"respect level, kind of trust felt by workers for the leader, the level at which the leader can organize any task ahead of him or her, as well as the control over reward and recognition processes for his/her subordinates.† (Science.jrank.org 2011) Servant and Transformational Leadership Theory: this theory states that, â€Å"leaders who are transformational have the ability to impact their subordinates by being examples and much inspiration by him/her-self.† (Jago 1982) Such leaders usually motivate their subordinates to an extent that they end up performing above and even bey ond their job stipulations. Servant leadership on the other hand denies leaders the privilege position, by giving them a responsibility position. This gives them the responsibility of achieving best possible results for the organization they are working for, the subordinates as well as customers or clients. Applications of Various Leadership Theories in Business Settings There exist no single leadership theory that has been applied in business, but in case there is a single application of leadership theory, no matter the process, leaders have brought success in business. However, the difference comes in the processes under which one brings such success. Successful business operations depend much on leadership theories. Such theories have been applied in casting visions, motivating employees as well as positive change implementation. Leadership theories like transformational and behavior theories have been applied directly in the development management of corporate culture in any org anization. In such a manner, such theories have been applied in training effective leaders in business operations to â€Å"produces productive systems, satisfied employees and a positive public image.†(Yukl, 1994) Leadership theories like trait and behavioral theories have been used in the creation of highly productive as well as enjoyable business settings. This is based on the fact that, they have been in a position to bring up leaders who have the ability of defining â€Å"business vision statement, goals and standards the company will uphold.† (Science.jrank.org 2011) These theories have been used to fulfill the responsibility of encouraging both feedbacks as well as change implementation. Such theories have been addressing conflict resolution issues as well as making wise decisions concerning business environments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge of Organizational Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leadership theories have been very helpful in the process of identifying leadership types in business settings. Some of these leadership types include, â€Å"authoritative leaders, who operate solely, making executive decisions that are communicated to lower-management and implemented throughout the company. Democratic business leadership relies on employee feedback and participation to make decisions and brainstorm.†(Jago 1982) Democratic leadership has copied more from transformational leadership theory by ensuring that business leaders are in a position of giving tasks to different teams, while still overseeing other tasks. Leadership theories like trait, behavior, contingency and others, have shown leadership qualities like integrity, communication skills in business settings. Leaders having such qualities have been exceeding their expectations, apart from living up to the standards of their expectations. Business leaders have applied such qualities i n effective communication both at personal and organization’s levels; they have also been in a position of foreseeing issues like success, apart from having the ability to plan for difficulties in advance. Leadership theories have been applied in business particularly in the creation of â€Å"an effective organizational structure, satisfied employees and a positive public image.† (Jago 1982)This is based on the fact that, Leadership theories have been responsible for combining systems as well as policies that have been established in any business setting. In one way or the other, apart from inspiring and guiding employees, employees have also find greater satisfaction as a result of â€Å"vision, direction and reward which produces purpose and fulfillment.† (Rowe 2007) Companies have used leadership theories in the process of creating public image. This has been due to well thought out external communication. Such theories have been in apposition of taking care of clients and ensuring healthy business relations. However, it should be noted that, the application of leadership theories in business setting is a growth process which might require continual training as well as development through seminars, reading books as well as joining network accountability groups. Strengths and Weaknesses of Contemporary Leadership Models Contemporary leadership models have the ability of developing visions as well as inspiring followers to attain a certain goal. Managers following contemporary leadership models like transformational as well as charismatic models have the ability to lead passionately as well as enthusiastically.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because; the models have the ability to equip such managers with convincing power, hence they can convince their subordinates to accept changes that have been recommended. As a result, their subordinates remain committed to the completion of necessary work for organization transformation. On the other hand, leadership models increases dependence on leaders. Though such leaders have the ability to attract followers that need inspirational along with energetic guidance, such followers might be convinced by leadership models to follow their leaders blindly. This is because; followers might place lots of emphasis on pleasing their leaders, other than attaining a long term objective. Such models can also lead to abuse and misuse of powers. It is true that leaders following leadership models usually come out of risky situations as they usually inspire their followers to take chances that might lead to innovations and creativity. However, such leaders may â€Å"use their powers to make positive impacts in organizations, some leaders exploit their totalitarian control by manipulating situations for their own gains. Subordinates may obey leaders without considering the long-term impacts as these leaders are so convincing and inspiring.† (Science.jrank.org 2011) Last but not least, such models are only based on theoretical statements, not putting into practice the real life managers as well as leaders undergo while undertaking their operations. Conclusion In conclusion, though there isn’t enough information explaining the application of primary leadership theories in profit and non-profit organization, this essay has provided at least some information concerning primary leadership theories used in profit as well as non-profit organization. It has also outlined how such theories have been applied in business settings. Apart from addressing the strength of contemporary leadership models in day to day leadership strategies, the essay has also addresse d their weaknesses. With is kind of synthesized information, organization leaders can achieve more in their organization, as compared to their job descriptions. References Jago, G. (1982). Leadership: Perspectives in theory and research. Management Science. 28(3): 315-336. Rowe, W. (2007). Cases in Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Science.jrank.org . (2011). Leadership The Rise of Contemporary Leadership Theory. Retrieved from: https://science.jrank.org/pages/9943/Leadership-Rise-Contemporary-Leadership-Theory.html Yukl, G. (1994). Leadership in Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

What Classes Should You Take in High School Expert Advice

What Classes Should You Take in High School Expert Advice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Figuring out which classes you should take in high school is complicated! Not only do you have to navigate your school’s requirements and college expectations, but you also have to take your own interests, abilities, and life into account. Because there are so many different questions you have to answer and decisions you have to make, it helps to start the planning process early. We will help you get a big picture perspective of what you are high school classes will look like, and breakdown the details of the various requirements, the kinds of choices you will have to make, and the exciting possibilities you will get to explore! If you're wondering what classes to take in high school, this guide should be a great launching point to figuring out your own personal plan. What Classes Do I Need for High School Graduation? In large part, many of your class choices will be guided by your high school's mandatory requirements. All high schools have a set curriculum that you need to take in order to graduate. The actual details vary slightly from school to school, but usually it goes something like this: four years of English (sometimes called Language Arts) three or four years of math three years of science two or three years of social studies or history The route to graduation is mostly mapped out by your high school. It's a good idea to start planning at least the broad outlines of your high school schedule earlier rather than later. This is why,in 9th or 10th grade, it makes senseread through your student handbook and then set up a meeting with your guidance counselor. Your counselor is a great resource for nailing down: your school’s exact graduation requirements any prerequisites for any courses you may want to take further down the road What Classes Do Colleges Want to See? Luckily for you, most colleges expect to seethe samecore classesfor admission that high schools do for graduation. This means that simply by fulfilling your high school's curriculum requirements, you will most likely have all your transcript ducks in a row for applying to college! As always, of course, not every college's admissions requirements are exactly the same, so definitely make sure you find out exactly what classes your target school wants you to have taken in high school by looking at its admissions info online. Search Google for "[college name] admissions requirements" to get the full scoop. Rigor The main thing that colleges are looking for in your high school course load is what they call "rigor". Basically, this is the idea that you have spent your time in high school challenging yourself by taking increasingly more and more difficult classes. Colleges want to see that you are always trying to reach just a little farther than your grasp. What does rigor mean in terms ofchoosingclasses? Knowing that colleges want to see you push yourself doesn't mean overloading yourself to the point of collapse! Instead, it means you should strive for balance: take classes that are as challenging as you can handle,but also show good judgment by not overwhelming yourself. Learning to balance means knowing not to stack on that last rock! To strategize in depth about the level of rigor that your high school course load should demonstrate, explore our guide to what a challenging high school course load looks like. What Decisions Will I Make When Choosing Classes? Even thoughmany of your class slots will be taken up by your high school's requirements and by the admissions expectations of your target colleges, the person who has the mostinfluence over your high school curriculum is... you! With that in mind, let's take a look at some of the choices you will have to make when picking your classes. Harder classes or better GPA? When you realize that you can get much better grades in lower level courses, you'll really be tempted not to take a particularly challenging course load in favor of getting straight A's. But actually, this is a mistake.If you are getting straight A’s in standard-level classes, to colleges this will look like you are coasting through rather than challenging yourself.Because colleges will always look at your GPA incontext (meaning because they know what classes your school offers), they will look at this negatively. Coasting: fun for three-person sleds, terrible for high school. Generally speaking, you should push yourself to take the highest level class that you can reasonably get a B or higher in each year. This is especially true in classes that you are interested in, that are your strengths, or that you see yourself pursuing in college. Standard, honors, or AP/IB? With the choice to challenge yourself, comes yet another question. Should you take the standard, honors, or AP version of a class? It all depends on your skill level and ability in each subject. To find out how you measure up, you can talk to a teacher to see whether in their opinion you are ready for a higher level course or, if your school offers this, you can take a placement test to see whether you qualify for honors. If you are deciding between honors and AP, AP is the better bet for improving college applications. If you do well on the AP test, this national comparison will help colleges understand your skill level, and potentially either give you college credit or at least to the ability to place into a higher level college course. If you are having trouble deciding between AP and IB, let us help you make that decision with our explanation of the differences between the two. Which foreign language should I take? As far as college is concerned, what matters is not the language but the amount of time you spend studying it. For example, four years of French is more impressive than one year each of Latin, Chinese, Sanskrit, and Spanish. One wacky jump is interesting, but five? That's commitment to challenging yourself. Our recommendation is to take four years of the same foreign language. To see which language would be the best fit for you, check out our guide to which foreign language you should take in high school. What am I interested in? After you schedule all of your required classes, you will still have lots of space on your schedule for electives. Electives are entirely up to you – this is where it’s time to listen to your heart and find your passion. Whether you use your elective spaces to pursue the performing arts, the visual arts, engineering, computer science, or anything else, the advice is the same as for the core courses: find what you love, stick with it, and pursue it at the highest level of your ability. In order to give you a sense of the possibilities, even though no school could possibly offer all of them, we have rounded up the complete list of all high school electives. What Class Selections Do I Have Choice Over? It might sound like a lot of your high school experience has already been preprogrammed. But actually, you get to decide much more than you think! Even for mandatory required classes, you still have some say over whether you take them standard, honors, for AP. Not only that, butthere is even some choice in the core curriculum. This is particularly true in science and history classes because those are not cumulative and so do not follow the standard progression. The most choice, of course, is in your electives. Here are your options, from least to greatest choice. Least Choice: The Core Subjects English It'strue that you will take this all four years, and that your high school most likely has least choice about what you study in English class and when. Still,you do get to decide how much you want to challenge yourself. Learn more about thebreakdown of all the English or Language Artsyou are likely to encounter in our guide to high school English classes. Math You may not have to take math every year. Still, because math is cumulative (meaning, what you learned one year depends on what you learned the year before), there is usually not that much choice about which math class you can take. Just like with English, you will have some say over how much to challenge yourself at each level of math.Your high school will have developed a sequence usually something like: Algebra 1 Geometry Algebra 2/Trigonometry Pre-Calculus Calculus To dig in further, read our complete explanation of the math classes you should take in high school. Science You will most likely take two or three years of science. Like with math, there is usually already a pre-developed progression for the sequence in which you can take science classes. It usually goes like this: earth science/biology chemistry physics Still, because you do not have to take science all four years, and because many schools offer various science electives, like astronomy, this is one of the core curriculum subject where you can have a whole bunch of choice, especially if science is one of your interests or strengths. Our complete guide to planning your science education in high school lays out all the details for you. It takes many different kind of scientists to make a truly evil mad science lab. Social Studies/History You will most likely take two or three years of history or other social sciences like government, civics, economics, world cultures, or geography. At the same time, it helps to know thatthe standard requirements that both high schools and colleges will expect are: a year of US/American history a year of European/world history Because you will not have to take history all four years of high school, this is another core requirement that allows a lot of choice, and one where you will probably have many options to pick from. For a really in-depth look at all the possibilities in the social sciences, read through our guide to the high school history classes you should take. Most Choice: Electives Unlike core required classes, electives are the you-do-you of the high school curriculum.They’re how your transcript shows colleges what you’re interested in, what you’re passionate about, and how hard you are willing to work to pursue those interests and passions. You only live once: pick your electives accordingly.#CarpeDiem Electivesare also a way for you to discover subjects that you previously did not know you were interested in, or a way to learn from excellent teachers who don't teach the core subjects. Pro tip: if you hear wonderful things about a teacher, try your best to take a class with that person. It doesn't matter what the class is – the experience of learning from an amazing teacher is something you will carry with you all your life. No school offers the same electives as another school, and there is no way for anyone school to offer every possible elective. Here are some typical offerings, by category: Computer science: programming, graphic design, web design English: journalism, creative writing, speech and debate Family and consumer science: nutrition, child development, culinary courses Math and Science: environmental science, zoology, astronomy, statistics Social Studies: psychology, anthropology, economics Visual and Performing Arts: drawing, painting, photography, choir, band To get some help with figuring out which electives to take, read our guide. What’s Next? Interested to see how your high school choices will impact your choice of college? Check out our guides to: How to decide what college you should go to, How to pick a major for your college application, How to get into Harvard or the other elite colleges, Or what to do if you're worried about getting into college, period. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Get eBook: 5 Tips for 160+ Points // Free eBook: 5 Tips to 4+ Points on the ACT //

Influence of language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Influence of language - Essay Example The language was much more formal than she could ever think of making at home. Tan recognizes that scripted English or the English used to address a large group of professionals greatly differs from the language she talks to her loved ones with. Although both are generally recognized as English, yet she is much more careless in the use of tenses, the pronunciation and the selection of words while talking to her husband or her mom than she is while talking to the outsiders. That is indeed true! Our English at formal gatherings is way different from what we speak in our homes. In fact, the level of formality we maintain in our expression accords with the degree to which a certain occasion is formal. Thus, I am not at all formal while addressing a crowd at a birthday party but I am formal to my utmost capacity while addressing a speech in the school. In Tan’s case, the difference in English was found to be characterized by the difference of relationship she had with people she talked to at different points in time. This made the English she used while talk ing to her loved ones, more of a language of intimacy than Standard English language. Tan talks about her mother’s English and discusses it with reference to a passage based on her direct quotes. Tan’s mother’s English in no way, conforms to the formal standards of English grammar. This contrasts with the fact that she is a regular reader and viewer of famous English novels and programs. Yet Tan says that the way her mother spoke helped shape her imagination because her mother made frequent use of imagery in her browbeaten English. Tan says that people including herself have conventionally tried to judge her mother’s ideas and thoughts by the quality of her language. Since her English was poor, nobody ever took her seriously. In order to make people take her seriously. This is an unfortunate reality of our society and is also a prime

Assignment 5 (675) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 5 (675) - Case Study Example The challenge is therefore incorporating the new ideas into the current curriculum and implanting them successfully. 2. Forcing the new area into a curriculum that is already considerably full will call for a very articulate strategy so as not to hurt the students already entrenched in the old curriculum. As a district supervisor, my strategy would be to employ the curriculum development process and planning cycle. It will important to ask ourselves the purpose that our schools seek to achieve, how to select learning experiences that are useful in the attainment of the same and organising the experiences so as to instruct effectively. The final issue is evaluation of the effectiveness of learning experiences. Thus through evaluation of the old curriculum it can be possible to drop what have become obsolete and incorporate modern ones such as life skills.The strategy would therefore involve conducting a survey among the students and stakeholders to determine how many would like the inclusion of life skills in the curriculum 3. In todays and the technological schools of the next decade the programme would take the theme of inculcating technology skills that are necessary for survival in the modern economy. By incorporating and teaching technology in the curriculum, learners would be allowed to appreciate the central place technology is occupying in the modern daily life. Many learners are likely to enjoy practical skills such as working with computers hence would tend to contribute to their own learning. 1. In the second case study, the major issues are resistant to change and the fear among principals of losing their autonomy when it comes to choosing books. The principals want to control and organise the function at the building level for they benefit in a way e.g. through the â€Å"Wines and Cheese† parties hosted by companies selling books. 2. As a new

Creative Intelligence Essay Example for Free

Creative Intelligence Essay 1. Introduce change Discover new solutions Make ideas exciting Work best with people 2. My strength is being Decisive Thorough Imaginative Understanding 3. Successful people are Ambitious Disciplined Willing to take risks Self-confident 4. I get my best results by Focusing on current problems Applying careful analysis Trying new products Gaining the support of others 5. I see the future as Unknown A challenge Providing many opportunities Facilitating change 6. I appreciate teachers who Explain ideas clearly Making learning interesting Recognize original ideas Involve others in learning 7. People see me as Energetic Persistent A perfectionist Committed 8. People who make things happen Are highly motivated Enjoy experimenting Have the courage of conviction Challenge the status quo 9. Discoveries depend on Being committed Being curious Being open-minded Having a broad perspective 10. A good writer Is convincing Presents new ideas Provides a unique perspective Has a compelling vision 11. Breakthrough thinking Makes progress possible Helps to solve difficult problems Explores new frontiers Encourages teamwork 12. I dislike 13. I communicate best by being 14. I am committed to 15. Creative organizations 16. Achieving results depends on being 17. I prefer situations where I 18. Change depends on 19. My goal is to 20. Leaders 21. Ethical Behavior 22. The arts 23. Creative thinkers 24. Breaking with tradition 25. When under pressure, I

Disease vs. Humans: The Evolutionary Race :: Journalistic Essays

Disease vs. Humans: The Evolutionary Race Dramatic changes in living conditions and population structure are usually associated with the changes caused by the Industrial Revolution. Massive migration to cities and the development of urban centers which followed increased the likelihood of disease spread and evolution, and has also increased disease persistence. Diseases use cities (places where hundreds, thousands and millions of people are in very close quarters with each other) as a super highway; cities provide the perfect infrastructure for disease travel. As they travel and harm, diseases are in a constant race with their hosts towards evolutionary perfection. As their hosts evolve to kill the microbes, the microbes evolve to either keep the host alive for longer, or travel more quickly between hosts. One way that disease has utilized the growth of cities in order to evolve and thus travel better is its transformation from an exclusive disease for animals to an exclusive disease for humans. For example, typhus was originally transmitted between rats by fleas until typhus microbes realized that human body lice was a much more efficient method of traveling, now that humans are no longer host to lice typhus has changed to infect eastern North American flying squirrels and then transferring to people who live in close proximity to the squirrels (Diamond 209). Diseases are, in short, constantly changing in order to propagate more efficiently and more quickly. Our intimacy with animals has provided a quick and easy method of disease transformation and therefore better propagation. Pathogens that were formerly secluded to animals evolve to the point where they are directly transmitted between people. When these people are parts of large communities (a contingency that diseases thrive on) epidemics result, especially if the sanitation is as bad as in the first cities. In fact, up until the 20th century, Europe’s urban population was not self sustaining, so many died of crowd diseases that they had to be constantly replaced by rural immigrants (Diamond 205). Many of our epidemics could not have existed without the cities and the easy transportation they allow. Diseases, like all organisms, are constantly evolving in order to pass on the most genes. The best strategy for doing so is to replicate rapidly. If more rapid replication of a microbe inside a person leads to greater passing on of the genes that code for that rapid replication, then replication rate will increase even if it causes the person to be severely ill or leads to an overall decrease of the number of people it can effect, or even if it hastens the eventual extinction of the microbe (Ewald).

Negative Impacts

Industry production systems are unsustainable which can also have negative Impacts on environments. In response, there has been a rapid growth aimed at getting industry to â€Å"clean up its act†, because enforcement of the environment is growing up only slowly. In addition, the environmental and social performance of enterprises has Increasingly been used as a factor In deciding whether to do business with them, and this means that environmental demands are being made on enterprises.The methodology to be adopted will basically be with relevant, recognizing that they must adapt to the environmental demands made of heir products or of their manufacturing procedures, and to do this they need companies that can offer specialized services relating to the development of various management systems and products.The response to the problems outlined Lies In enabling output to continue to grow while minimizing growth in inputs of materials and energy, and they can support the establish ment of institutions meeting the standards in monitoring the development of environment related In affecting trade, identify gaps In normative laws and regulations and other policies which promote of Industry especially In the support yester by promoting the establishment of specialized enterprises in the 1 org knowledge and skills in enterprises to public-private partnerships in the environment field.Agile Noreen A. Bossily 2012103039 2 The view to the above mentioned, focuses on the paths to industrial development; efficient use of non-energy raw materials and of recycled industrial and non-industrial wastes; adoption of relevant products and technologies to meet environmental standards; adoption of environmental and related management systems with a view to entry into global value chains; and creation of businesses that an offer services. This concludes some challenges faced by some industries to properly utilize resources, which somehow gives opportunities. 4 Introduction ? Tabl e of Contents Definition of Industrial Development 2 Table of Contents 5 Main Body How Industrial Development Through the Years Affect How Industrial Development Made Life Easier Conclusion 11 References ? 12 4 Introduction The unsustainable patterns of industrial development may not have been appreciated until quite recently, it has been recognized since the start of the industrial revolution that enterprises can have obvious and visible impacts on their local communities and environments.As a response to these manifest health and environmental impacts, the last 40 years have seen an unparalleled growth in environmental matter. There has been a growing determination by different stakeholders in the developed countries to use the environmental and social performance of enterprises as a factor in deciding whether to do business with them. The first to feel this pressure are often the transitional corporations and other large companies, but they in turn are exerting a similar pressure on their suppliers. As a result of the globalization of trade, many of these are now located in developing countries.This paper explores in more detail these challenges and opportunities on how can enterprises in these countries become greener and shrink their environmental footprint, while at the same time continuing to grow and deliver goods, services and Jobs to their populations? What were the advantages and disadvantages of industrialization? Answers to these questions must take into account one overriding imperative: that industries need to grow. Industrial development is the only mechanism that will enable developing countries to reduce he level of poverty and hardship they face.This conclusion offers a strategy for the development aid community, which is designed to help developing countries bridge the gap between the present and the future. 6 Industrial development any development of an industrial nature. The industrial revolution led to the development of factories for la rge-scale production, with consequent changes in society. Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble arts in a repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process.This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot. 7 How Economic Development Through the Years Affect the Environment The economic development through the years affected the environment by the increase in population, industrialization started, and the shortage of nonrenewable energy sources. The increase in population means that ore forest and rain forest will be destroyed to make more room for the people to live.Destroying rain forests are bad because forest alone produce s 40% of the world's oxygen. There are now a lot of industries around the world but even though there are so many, it is a big burden to the environment. The burning of gasoline and coal produces carbon dioxide that, over time, has settled in a layer in the earth's upper atmosphere. This creates a situation know as greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a situation in which an excess of carbon dioxide in the earth's upper atmosphere lets the sun's rays through but traps heat close to the earth's surface. Nonrenewable energy resources might run out.This might occur because of the increase and demand in oil which is the basic necessity we all use. We use oil for multiple proposes. Since industries use oil and coal a lot it will eventually pollute everything and will cause acid rain which pollutes the stream. These were some examples of how economic development can led to disasters for the environment. There might be a smudge of a change that this will not happen, but, it is guara nteed that those things would happen. Especially that global warming is already taking place. 8 How Industrial Development Made Life Easier?It would Just be unbearable to think that life would be better without the Industrial Revolution. All the inventions that were invented back then are used all the time. The inventions have greatly changed society. The light bulb was made to create light that would last for a long time and that could be used anywhere. In today's society, people just makes it easier to see anywhere whenever it's the daytime or night time. â€Å"Edition's eventual achievement was inventing not Just an incandescent electric light, but also an electric lighting system that contained all the elements necessary to make the incandescent light practical, safe, and economical. Before it was created, human beings had to use fire and now you're able to Just turn the light switch on and you automatically have whatever lighted. Louis Daggered invented the first camera Just t o capture things for memory. The camera was invented to capture a picture of anything you wanted to save as a memory. In today's world, people use the camera during many special occasions to remember that specific day. It helps a lot because so many people can enjoy or see what an occasion was like even if they weren't there by looking at the pictures.George Stephenson first attempted to create the first locomotive since others who tried failed. The locomotive was invented to try and succeed in an invention but lead to more better things. In today's society, we use the transportation for many reasons. We use it to haul cargo and 9 transport people to many places. â€Å"It was now that George Stephenson, about twenty years of age, set about the construction of his first locomotive. As we before stated, the want of good and skillful workmen was a great Arabica. Before it was invented, it was more difficult to transport anything to different locations. The period of the Industrial Rev olution greatly contributed to the world. It was a revolution which helped everyone in a positive way no matter what the situation was to them. Society became easier and less hard to live by having many inventions do our hard work for us. 10 Conclusion The Industrial development was a mixed blessing. It has its advantages and disadvantages; through this study I was able to appreciate the efforts of the inventors Just to make our life easier and more comfortable.Throughout those years everything were created and studied well, yet we were not able to see the needs of our environment while we were all happy inventing and making technologies as much as we want. The industries were able to brought countries and people together. There was an international awareness among people because developments in one country influenced the others, there were better transport, communications and mechanized goods made life comfortable for man. Unfortunately cities became crowded, smoky, with problems o f slums, housing, sanitation, accidents and epidemics.

The Battle of Algiers (1966): Movie Review

[Author] [Course Code] [Instructor] [Date] The Battle of Algiers (1966): Movie Review On the 1st of November 1954, FLN guerillas attacked civilian and military installations in several parts of Algeria. The FLN hierarchy called on the Muslims in Algeria to restore the dignity and independence of the Algerian state. It was a bad opportunity to negotiate for independence.Just a few months ago, the French government had liquidated its claims in Indochina. On the 12th of November, the French National Assembly voted for the partial militarization of Algeria.The FLN were comprised of nationalist groups which asserted for the independence of Algeria. The FLN was a ‘sick’ organization, as one European observer noted. It was ruthless, subjective, and idealistic. It coerced students, farmers, and the masses to join in the independence movement. It also garnered support from both Communists and right-wing nationalists, without due consideration of repercussions. The movie begins wi th a short narrative of captured guerillas.The civil war between the Muslim Algerians and the Europeans had become a regional conflict. The French government ordered the deployment of French paratroopers to destroy the National Liberation Front. The paratroopers successfully hunted down members of the FLN. Indeed, many of its leaders were either assassinated or illegally detained. The film portrays France as the victor. However, the film ends with a short sequel portraying massive civil unrest and demonstrations against French rule in Algeria.The ruthlessness of the French Army had fueled the anger of the Algerian people. Although France won the Battle of Algiers, it had clearly lost the war. The movie is filmed in black and white. Its visual sense approaches that of a documentary, or rather the movie ‘The Desert Fox’ (1950). The apparent purpose is to create an atmosphere of despair and anxiety – to provoke the viewer to take sides and assert for interpretive au tonomy. Music and sound are important elements of imagery.The director uses classical motifs to highlight important events in the film and to heighten its emotional appeal. This is also done to evoke image parallelism – the elegance of music as representation of mass murder and torture. Indigenous Algerian music is added to emphasize the ‘danger of nationalistic terrorism’ or rather to symbolize the quest for independence. The FLN insurgents used guerilla warfare to wear the French down. But unlike in Vietnam, the French were able to contain FLN attacks.The reason is obvious. Guerilla warfare was not suited in Algerian geography. FLN guerrilla warfare was directed to top French military and political officials. The idea was to destroy the French hierarchy and replace it with a more palpable political organization. French counterinsurgency program was divided into two phases: liquidate the FLN in rural areas, and contain FLN threat in urban areas. Both strategies failed because the FLN were massively supported by the civilian population.

El Dorado essays

El Dorado essays History on the screen has made Hollywood billions of dollars in profits and created some immortal characters, but how often do people come across an animated feature that depicts historic events through the amazing hand drawn and computer generated images? Not very often, thats why DreamWorks took on this challenge. The Road to El Dorado is a thrilling story of an adventure of two con-artists in search for gold and adventure. The movies background originates in Spain in 1519, when conquistador, Cortez, set his galleon to sail to conquer the new world for the glory of Spanish Crown. This is where the two main characters are introduced to the spectator. Tulio and Miguel (Miguel and Tulio) are two swindlers who are wanted by the local authorities for scamming sailors of their positions. Animators do an amazing job recreating the city where the story has its start, and also of the citizens. Guards armor is well detailed, and so are peasants and sailors clothes. Creators of the movie paid great attention to the weapons used during that era, and animated a breathtaking sword fight. Since the story originates in Spain, animators couldnt pass out on the chance of drawing a bull roaming the streets. A very powerful presence of Cortez was build into the story, big man on the horse, ready to enslave the new world. Even on the ship, when the main characters face the man, he condemns them by saying my crew has been as carefully chosen as the disciples of the Christ! which shows how strong of a personality he was. Another challenge that the creators faced was the animation of the El Dorado itself. A city of gold, that so far in history has only been a myth, caused some doubt in the production. DreamWorks crew went down to Mexico, to the Yucatan Peninsula to research ancient native civilizations and to get some clue of what El Dorado could look like. They took numerous tours around the ruins of ...

Life Experience Essay

Life Experience Essay Life Experience Essay Life Experience Essay Essentials Life experience essay is the same as personal experience essay. It means that your life experience essay includes personal writing about yourself. You are welcome to explore different moments of your life, interesting people you met, or any other aspect you find interesting to explore. In most cases, life experience essay takes of the two forms: narrative or admission essay writing. Lets explore the secrets of life experience essay writing together. Secrets of Life Experience Essay Writing This first thing you need to keep in mind while writing your life experience essay is that it should have a central topic. You should avoid creating an essay which does not have any flow, unity in ideas, or proper organization. Without having a good outline in mind and on the paper, your life experience essay will not be well-written enough to get you a good grade. So, there should be one narrow topic. For example, you may write about one situation from a teenager years when you learned a valuable lesson. Probably, you learned about the value of true friendship or, on the contrary, your best friend did something bad to you. Writing life experience essay, you should remember that both good and positive moments can be turned into good essay. It does not mean that you should strive to make your reader cry; however, your life experience essay should be touching. Here is a list of good life experience essays to explore: Childhood memories Lesson from experience The way of getting new experience Advantages and disadvantages of experience Mistake youve made We Are Here To Help with Life Experience Essay If you struggle with writing a good life experience essay, we offer you an opportunity to take advantage of our professional essay writing services. We deliver only 100% original essays which are tailored to your specific needs, wants, and requirements. You may get thousands of life experience essays online; however, you will not get better writing service anywhere on the net. We collaborate with professional English writers who assume responsible attitude towards their job and who are talented enough to provide you with the best quality essays: If you have hesitations about our services, try google search to find feedbacks about our site. You will not see a single negative feedback about our services because we guarantee high quality writing and can definitely impress you with excellent life experience essay written for you by professional essay writers! Read also: 3,000 Words Term Paper SFU Writing Research Papers Writing a Research Paper MLA University Research Proposal Student Research Paper

Research/Source analysis task on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Research Paper

/Source analysis task on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in Agriculture - Research Paper Example Presently advanced crop technology is being assisted majorly by genetic engineering. Reference: Discovering Biology by Michael Meaney - Mentor Publications http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Genetic_engineering 2. What are some genetic engineering techniques used in agriculture? The simplest and natural technique of genetic engineering is cross breeding. It has been in practice since ancient times. Some of the modern techniques used in agriculture are as follows: The bacterium method: Plants naturally contain a transformation mechanism in the form of a bacterium. In this mechanism the contact of this bacterium with a cell results in its integration into the chromosomes. Scientist exploit this natural tendency to create resistances like antibiotics. This is done by replacing the acting plasmid of bacterium with a marker gene. The gene gun method: This method does not depend on the natural working of bacterium. The DNA is introduced into the cell by DNA coated micro sized bullets . This method is used commonly since several years and its is found to be applicable over all species of crops virtually. Over the last several years, use of the "gene gun" has become a very common method to transform plants, and has been shown to be applicable to virtually all species investigated. For example, transformation of rice by this method is now routine. This is a very important development as rice is the most important crop in the world in terms of the number of people critically dependent on it for a major part of their diet. The electroporation: In this method the DNA is introduced inside the cell through the holes punctured by a jolt of electricity in protoplasts. This method is not very popular. Reference(s): http://photoscience.la.asu.edu/photosyn/courses/BIO_343/lecture/geneng.html. 3. What are some of the aims of using GMOs in agriculture? Some of the main aims of applying the GMOs in agriculture are increase in the volume of crops to fight the food crisis in the world (the high yielding genetically modified seeds are largely in use to serve the purpose), the improvement in the nutritional value of crops by introducing new genetically engineered varieties, curbing and reducing the use of pesticides by producing disease resistant safe crops. Additional aims include the preservation of environment by saving the water supplies from pesticides and by allowing the beneficial biological growths. References: http://www.greenfacts.org/en/gmo/index.htm 4. What are some crops to which genetic engineering techniques have been applied and what techniques have been applied to these crops? The gene gun method has proved to be highly useful in generation of genetically improved corn and rice. The induced mutation or bacterium method greatly assists in the introduction and production of several genetically engineered crops like banana, sugar cane, barley and wheat etc. There are 2300 officially released genetically engineered crop varieties listed in the da tabase maintained by FAO/IAEA. References: http://www-infocris.iaea.org/MVD http://photoscience.la.asu.edu/photosyn/courses/BIO_343/lecture/geneng.html. 5. How widespread and economically important has the use of GMOs on agriculture been up to the present? GMOs are used extensively all around the world. Their widespread use can be assessed by the fact that the ‘

Case Study Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study Analysis - Assignment Example Rise of secondary ticket market is affecting the profitability and brand value of several leagues and sports teams. It is clear from the case study that the teams in NFL are facing several critical issues due to growth of secondary ticket industry. Issues and Problems It is true that the pricing of tickets is influencing by the organizational and economical factors along with the perceived value of the spectators. National Football League is the most popular and leading sporting event in United States. It is a seasonal event. Day-by-day, the popularity of this event is increasing significantly. Looking into these aspects, the brokers used to purchase large number of primary tickets from the ticketing management organizations of the league or several NFL teams. It is actually affecting the image of the organizations and team managements. Brokers or ticket agents generally sell these tickets to the spectators based in higher price comparing to the developed price by the organization. T he price of tickets is generally set depending on the previous year’s success, income, profit, revenue and demand of customers. This secondary ticketing process is making it difficult for the target audiences to buy the tickets at same price that is developed by the team management.

Information Communication, Knowledge management Essay

Information Communication, Knowledge management - Essay Example This will give a more current and topical feel to the subject. In this regard, as a country Pakistan is growing everyday by leaps and bounds in the technological arena. Hence, it has been seen that a country that is in the depths of development is always in dire need of a unique knowledge management system. In this regard, Si3 is Pakistan's leading IT Systems Integrator. As a model for IT integration, It has the capacity and experience for providing strategic technology solutions to business. It is providing IT solutions to different industries such as Financial Services, Oil & Gas, Telecommunications and to Public Sector. These industries have widespread use of the tools of knowledge management as the information from within needs to be transmitted to effectively to various external parties in terms of policies, financial statements, innovations, among other. (Wilson, 2002) Therefore, it has been observed that this IT system integrator has the capacity to promote knowledge management within its own framework. Knowledge and information have become almost interchangeable in their ability to transform workplaces and make the rest of the aware of the various activities that take place within it. Recognizing this premise, the company is providing result-oriented solutions to various industries. It is working with its alliance partners with an unmatched level of domain knowledge. It empowers organizations with inventive and scalable technology solutions thereby increasing the industry's competitive advantage and return on investment. (Wilson, 2002) Before delving any deeper into the elements of this brand of knowledge management, it is important to study and analyze the exact implication for this management tool as regards an information management. (Source: Wilson, 2002) This diagram depicts the growth of titles using knowledge management. In this regard, information management may be defined as something that involves deploying new technology solutions, e.g: content or document management systems, data warehousing and portal applications. It covers all the systems and processes in an organization for the creation and use of corporate information. Information is the most pervasive element across all human actions and interactions. Managing information has become one of man's most difficult tasks. Variety of information sources has changed information from mediocrity of data to a natural efficacy and requirement. Information management involves people, processes, technology and content. (Wilson, 2002) Knowledge management encompasses strategy, method, practice and approach in an organizational context. Data represents facts or values of results and has the capacity to represent information. Patterns of relations of data, and information have the capacity to represent knowledge. This shows a strong connection with the premise that Si3 operates on in terms of the use of various tools of information technology to integrate the knowledge within the organization. This also promotes a stronger and wider base for communication. In this regard,

Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank Of The Philippines

Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank Of The Philippines Republic Act No. 6848, otherwise known as The Charter of the Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines outlines that the primary purpose of the Islamic bank is to promote and accelerate the socio-economic development of the Autonomous Region by performing banking, financing and investment operations and to establish and participate in agricultural, commercial and industrial ventures based on the Islamic concept of banking. In addition to allowing the bank to act as a universal bank capable of offering both conventional and Islamic banking products and services, the Sections No. 10 11 of the charter respectively provide incentives in the form of investor protection, and grant the bank the ability to accept grants and donations (Congress of the Philippines, 1989). Dimapunong (2006) provides background information and commentary on the rules and regulations governing the Al-Amanah Islamic Bank. A founding chairman of the bank, the author also wrote about the role of former senator Mamintal A. Tamanos role in the establishment of the original Philippine Amanah Bank, the precursor of the current Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines. A rare representative from Muslim Mindanao, the late senator was supposedly the first to envision a Muslim bank in the Philippines, at a time when modern Islamic banking was at its infancy. According to the author, the original PAB was not properly Shariah-compliant leading Ulama counsels to complain about the institution misleading the public. By 1988 it had been deemed a complete failure having already gone bankrupt (Dimapunong A. A.). Sandra Isnaji (2003) conducted a SWOT (Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat) analysis of the Amanah Bank and prescribes a rehabilitation plan for the institution involving infusions of capital from the government in order to get rid of the banks debt and to invest in new infrastructure. Her paper was aimed at answering three questions with regard to the beleaguered banks status: (1) Where are we now? (2) Where do we want to be? and (3) How do we get there? To that extent, Isnaji looked at the state of Islamic banking industry as a whole, the state of the Philippine financial system, and the state of the Amanah bank itself. With regard to the Amanah Banks operations, Isnaji (2003) states that (at the time of writing) it operates on a two-window system in which it offers both Islamic and conventional financial products and services. And while the institution faced no competition from other Islamic banks, it faced stiff competition from the countrys conventional financial institutions, both formal and informal. With regard to the Philippine banking sector, the author used Porters Five Forces framework to analyze the ABs competition within it. The author findings are as follows: (1) With regard to the bargaining power of suppliers: the tight control of the Bangko Sentral affords it high bargaining power, to the advantage of state-owned banks such as the Amanah Bank; the bargaining power of multilateral and bilateral aid organizations(USTDA, WB, ADB, JBIC) is high due to their involvement with micro-finance and development banks; the large size and unorganized nature of the labor sector affords it little ba rgaining power; bargaining power among depositors is highly skewed towards the higher income deciles whos deposits account for 88.3% of the savings in banks, with the lower deciles having nor bargaining power. (2) With regard to the bargaining power of buyers, the higher income deciles belonging to the middle and upper classes resided and/or did business in the National Capital Region (NCR) and demand services such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦electronic banking, payroll services, and bill payments.; The power portions of the population find it difficult to obtain financing from formal banks due to their situation, and thus do not have much bargaining power, but their sheer numbers offer a potentially large market. (3) With regard to the threat of new entrants, any new Islamic banks allowed by the BSP could actually benefit the Amanah Bank by providing much needed visibility for the beleaguered Philippine Islamic banking sector. (4) With regard to the threat of substitute, notable alternatives that customers may opt for are informal financial institutions, employers that provide loan programs, or complete abstinence from banking entirely. Another threat is the outflow of capital from the country. (5) With regard to rivalry among existing players, the tendency of banks to be large tends to lead them to avoid small borrowers and savers, as such the government has had to develop the banking system so as to include such institutions as thrift and rural banks which cater to the needs of small borrowers and savers who would otherwise resort to informal institutions. In order to counter the threat of oligopoly the government competes in the financial sector via the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) and the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP). (Isnaji, 2003) As a requirement of the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) acquisition of the Al-Amanah Islamic Investment Bank of the Philippines (AAIIBP), the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) required the DBP to submit a 5-year rehabilitation plan for the bank. The initial plan, submitted on 23 April 2008, was deemed inadequate by the BSP. As such a draft of the revised plan was submitted on 18 March 2009. The revised plan was divided into four parts: (1) a brief background elaborating on the institutions legal basis, purpose, and present situation, (2) a summary of its business plans, (3) details on the implementation of said business plans, (4) and five-year financial projections. (Panganiban, 2009) The revised rehabilitation plan of the Amanah Bank centers around 4Rs, specifically: Recapitalization via capital infusions from the DBP and domestic and foreign investors; this is aimed at covering the expenses of the banks rehabilitation Restoration of financial viability focused on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦aggressive marketing efforts to introduce AAIIBPs new products and services, liquidation of non-performing assets and the sourcing of contingent fundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Reorganization focused on building up institutional capacity, particularly with regard to Sharia compliance; involves organizational restructuring, relocation and refurbishing of bank offices, expansion and automation. Reforms institutionalization involves strengthening of corporate culture and governance, monitoring system, risk management and audit system, and review of product and operating manuals. Particular emphasis has been given to the recapitalization strategy which would provide the funds needed for the other three points of the rehabilitation. (Development Bank of the Philippines, March 2009) Islamic Banking Chong and Liu (2006) attempted to determine how different Islamic banking is from conventional banking by examining Islamic banking practice in Malaysia using the Engle-Granger error-correction methodology. In their study they find that despite being theoretically different, in practice Islamic banking in Malaysia is not very different from conventional banking. According to their study, only a negligible portion of Islamic bank financing in Malaysia is based on the profit-and-loss (PLS) sharing paradigm and that Islamic deposits are not interest-free, but are based on non-PLS modes that are permitted under Sharia law, but ignore the spirit of the usury prohibition. This parallels Islamic banking experience in other countries. The authors conclude that Islamic banking practices cannot differ too greatly from conventional banking practice due to stiff competition that makes interest-free Islamic deposits closely pegged to conventional deposits. This conclusion can have implications fo r the brand is Islamic banking, particularly with regard to its often touted non-interest-based character. However, it also has analytical and regulatory implications; the similarity of Islamic banking practices to conventional banking practices would simplify the task of both studying and regulating Islamic banking. The findings of this study mirror an earlier paper by Movassaghi and Zamans (2002). In it, they attempt to re-examine the concept of riba in light of Islamic jurisprudence. In that paper they compare Islamic banking practices with conventional banking practices in order to highlight that neither all conventional practices are usurious, nor are modern Islamic banking practices significantly different from those of conventional banks. They also assert that many differences between the profit/loss sharing paradigm of Islamic banking and conventional interest-based merely superficial. In addition to questions of practice, Chong and Lius study also asked the question of whether or not the growth of Islamic banking over the past several years was due to the comparative advantages of the Islamic banking paradigm, or to the Islamic resurgence that began in the 1960s. Based on their findings, the authors are inclined to adopt the latter view. This view is also compatible with the findings of a study cited by Isnaji (2003), done by the Meezan Bank of Pakistan which identified several key success factors in the experience of Islamic banks in other countries: (1) strong religious consciousness among the Muslim population, (2) support from the government in the form of financial infrastructure and favorable regulations, (3) promotion, (4) [increases] in individual wealth, and (5) a wide variety of financial products and services. Public Enterprises/Public Enterprise Reform Basu (2005) gives an overview of the background and concept of public enterprise, highlighting the particular experience of India in this matter. distinguishing it from the broader term public sector by adopting the definition adopted by the International Centre of Public Enterprises (ICPE): Any commercial, financial, industrial, agricultural or promotional undertaking owned by public authority, either wholly or through majority share holding which is engaged in the sale of goods and services and whose affairs are capable of being recorded in balance sheets and profit and loss accounts. Such undertakings may have diverse legal and corporate forms, such as departmental undertakings, public corporations, statutory agencies, established by Acts of Parliament or Joint Stock Companies registered under the Company Law. The author then goes on to elaborate these three categories. Basu further elaborates on the theory of public enterprises by elaborating on four types of economic activity based on the concept of remuneration as well as that of natural monopoly. (Basu, 2005) Basu highlights the equal importance of accountability and efficiency in the management of public enterprises, stating the important role of institutional arrangements in this matter. The author then elaborates on the creation of public enterprises with regard to government policy in terms of the strategies of nationalization or introduction of a new activity and states that most post-independence cases consisted of the latter. Basu emphasizes the idea that neither the state nor the market is immune to failure and that current emphasis should be on the idea of public-private synergy, and that attention should be put on both on public-private partnership and competition to achieve the objectives of efficiency and welfare. He then highlights the link between public finance and public enterprise, stating that shortsighted approaches of several developing countries including India to reduce fiscal deficit by selling public enterprises- which follow from inadequacies of public finance man agement could be disastrous in the long run (Basu, 2005). Stiglitz (2000) identifies two major categories in which public enterprises may systematically be more inefficient than private enterprises: organizational and individual. Under the former are sub-categories regarding organizational incentives, personnel restrictions, procurement restrictions, and budget restrictions. These pertain to public enterprises organizational rules and procedures which may hamper those enterprises efficiency and performance. The nature of public firms can mean that they may not necessarily need worry about incurring losses in their operations since any such losses may be covered by public funding. The bureaucratic nature of these enterprises may also entail strict procedures with regard to the hiring and firing of employees and the appropriation of needed materials, increasing transaction costs for both the demanding firm and possible suppliers (private forms and individuals). Lastly, there is the issue of budget restrictions due to governments having to all ocate limited financial resources among various agencies and projects. (Stiglitz, 2000) The latter category pertains to the behavior of individual bureaucrats under the incentive structure of public enterprises. Low wages and security of tenure may provide disincentives for bureaucrats to perform efficiently. Bureaucrats are also argued to be budget maximizers in that they seek to maximize the size of their bureaucracies by encouraging increased expenditures on their respective agencies. Stiglitz cites Niskanen with regard to principal-agent problems in bureaucracies wherein government bureaucrats act in their own interests and not necessarily in the interests of the citizens whom they are supposed to serve. (Stiglitz, 2000) Chang (2007) presents a discussion of the issue of state enterprise reform. Chang argues that theoretically there is no clear case with for or against state-owned enterprises (SOEs) by citing arguments for (natural monopoly, capital market failure, externalities, equity) and against (principal-agent problem, free-rider problem, soft budget restrains), the author also points out that large SOEs and large private sector firms often face similar (principal-agent) problems. This mirrors Stiglitzs statement that Principal-agent problems arise in all organization, whether public or private and are particularly acute in large organizations. In both private and public cases, managers often have large amounts of discretion allowing them to pursue their own interests. (Stiglitz, 2000) In citing the issues of public enterprises in comparison to private enterprises, many often assume away the agency problems of private firms, thus comparing idealized private firms with real-life SOEs, the former of which would obviously come out on top (Chang, 2007). Chang 92007) points out that privatization is not the only solution to the problems of many SOEs, and that many intermediate third way solutions exist. The author elaborates that privatization as an option has its costs and limitations and should only be taken on certain conditions, many of which are not met in reality leading to many failed attempts at privatization that cause more problems than they solve. As such, the third way options (organizational reform, increasing competition, political and administrative reforms) ought to be considered before privatization. (Chang, 2007) Rational Choice Theory/Institutional Economics Rational/Public Choice Theory Rational Choice Theory refers to those theories of the social sciences which utilize the analytical tools of neoclassical economics, particularly, the core assumption of rational (utility-maximizing) and self-interested individuals. (Hindmoor, 2006) Hindmoor (2002) states that rational choice theorists employ an instrumental conception of rationality in which actions are judged as being rational to the extent that they constitute the best way of achieving some goal. He identifies two conceptualizations of rationality: The first (the axiomatic approach) conceives a rational person as someone whos preference-ordering over bundles of goods and services is reflexive, complete, transitive and continuous. The second (the optimizing approach) conceives the rational person as one who possesses optimal beliefs and acts in optimal ways given those beliefs and desires. (Hindmoor, 2006) Hindmoor writes that rationality is a controversial assumption in political science, particularly in light of the concept of bounded rationality. As such, he says that such an assumption must be justified and looks at the two approaches in order to determine which is more defensible. Under the umbrella heading of rational choice theory can be found the sub-theories of public choice, which, in turn, constituted transplanting the general analytical framework of economics into political science. (Tullock, 2002) Tullocks primary contribution to rational/public choice theory is his theories on rent-seeking, which he defines as the use of resources for the purpose of obtaining rents for people where the rents themselves come from some activity that has negative social value. Tullock continues: The concept of rent seeking as popularly perceived refers to legal and illegal activities to obtain special privileges such as seeking monopoly status, special zoning, quantitative restrictions on imports, protective tariffs, bribes, threats, and smuggling. (Tullock, 2002) Indeed, rent-seeking has actually come to dominate the literature of rational choice theory. Hindmoor (2006) cites the plethora of studies done on various countries, on various topics to emphasize this point. He looks to three possible explanations for this: (1) the name-recognition of the term rent-seeking itself, (2) the adaptability and extendibility of Tullocks argument which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can be extended to cover the analysis of any and all special economic privilegesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, and (3) the fact that it offered a hostile theory of state, which could be used to counter welfare economists arguments for government intervention. On the second reason, Hindmoor supplements Tullocks original argument by pointing out that interest groups also spend resources to prevent rivals from obtaining rents and to secure their own and that governments may also practice rent-extraction. (Hindmoor, 2006) Tullock (2002) identifies several costs involved in rent seeking: The first being the actual cost of obtaining the special privilege. Of which the author provides the example of the costs of lobbying in Washington D.C. Greater costs are incurred from the distortion of the voting process, wherein public officials who are elected to pursue certain policies or projects often also pursue other less beneficial projects of which the true cost cannot be typically counted due to those politicians not disclosing the details of deals they have made. The greatest costs, however, are the indirect costs caused by rent seeking behavior. In particular, the involvement of intelligent and energetic people in an activity that contributes either nothing or negatively to society. The opportunity cost of such activities, he argues, far exceed their direct costs. (Tullock, 2002) Tullock (2002) argues that the development of rent seeking activities is influenced by many factors, in particular the structure and design of government. In general, he argues, any rule that complicates and makes the functioning of the government government decisionmaking process less smooth will lower the amount of rent seeking. He concludes his discussion on the topic by emphasizing that there are as of yet no good measures of the costs of rent-seeking (Tullock, 2002). Hindmoor (2006) cites Von Mises in defining bureaucracy as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any organization which specialises in the supply of those services the value of which cannot be exchanged for money at a per-unit rate. Such organizations, Von Mises suggests, find themselves effectively exempted from the demands of economic calculation and are, as a result, usually inefficient. He also cites Tullock: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the crucial feature of bureaucracies is not simply that they are hierarchies, but pyramidal hierarchies with fewer people at the top than in the lower ranks. This leads to a principal-agent relationship, with all its problems of information asymmetry (Hindmoor, 2006). In his section of Public Choice, Tullock also discusses bureaucracy. He writes that: Bureaucrats are much like other people and, like people in general, are more interested in their own well-being than in the public interest. The problem is in designing institutions in such a way as to harness bureaucrats self-interest to serve the public interest (Tullock, 2002). The core problem with bureaucracy is encapsulated by Tullock in one paragraph: In most bureaucracies the executive whether in General Motors, the Department of State, or the Exchequer is in a position where only to a minor extent is his or her own interest involved. Bureaucrats will make many decisions that will have little or no direct effect on themselves and hence can be made with the best interests of General Motors or the American or the British people at heart. Unfortunately bureaucrats, in general, have only weak motives to consider these problems carefully, but they do have strong motives to improve their status in the bureaucracy, whether by income, power, or simply the ability to take leisure while sitting in plush offices. They are more likely to be more concerned with this second set of objectives than the first, although they may not put very much effort into it because not much effort is required (Tullock, 2002). Tullock then further draws parallels between public and private bureaucrats. He argues that both will attempt to maximize gains for their respective employers if it pays off for them. But in neither case does the institutional structure lead bureaucrats to maximizing the well-being of their superiors. He qualifies, though, that private corporations have a much easier time in pursing their goals efficiently than do governments. He cites three reasons for this: the comparatively simple objective of stockbrokers (profit maximization), the reasonably accurate methods of measuring the performance of corporate managers (bureaucrats) in the form of accounting, and the difference in the ownership of benefits from the efficient management of bureaucracies (private profit vs. public interest) (Tullock, 2002). Lastly, Tullock elaborates upon several proposals with regard to bureaucratic reform: decentralization, depriving bureaucrats of the vote, and downsizing the size of bureaucracy. He discusses how it is often in the interest of bureaucrats to increase the size of their departments , although in some cases downsizing does occur without the objection of senior bureaucrats due to such measures not affecting them aversely or even benefiting them by, for example, leading to more highly paid positions at the top while cutting down from below. Most intriguing is his characterization of bureaucratic behaviour as resembling that of people with hobbies, albeit with two major differences: it does not cost bureaucrats very much since they are predominantly using other peoples resources and that most bureaucrats honestly think that whatever it is they do is not for their benefit alone, but for the country or their bureau. (Tullock, 2002) This mirrors Niskanens theory on bureaucracy, wherein he asserts that bureaucrats find it in their interest to maximize their budgets and that they are often successful in doing so. Niskanen, himself defines bureaucracies as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦non-profit-making organization whose revenues derive from periodic grants (Hindmoor, 2006). Niskanen also à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦follows Downs in assuming that bureaucrats value a range of goods including power, monetary income, prestige and security. Yet he cuts through the complexities o Downs argument by suggesting that nearly all of these variables are positively related to the size of the bureaucrats budget (Hindmoor, 2006). Tullock (2002) elaborates goes on to the relationship between bureaucrats and two other major groups of political actors: politicians and pressure groups. Tullock focuses on the ability of bureaucrats to often lord over their superiors thanks to their security of tenure. Two bureaucratic tactics are discussed: the use of leaks to undermine or embarrass superiors, and the use of essential programs as proverbial shields in the fact of budget cuts. With regard to pressure groups, the collusion is the cited issue, wherein bureaus and interest groups work together to gain mutual benefits from government. (Tullock, 2002) With regard to this relationship Niskanen argues that the bureaucrats have two advantages over politicians which allow them to increase their budgets: (1) greater information on the costs involved in their bureaucracies provision of goods, and (2) the ability to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦make take-it-or-leave-it offers to their political patrons (Hindmoor, 2006). Politicians on the o ther hand are attributed four capacities: (1) the ability to select the bureaucracys overall output, (2) the ability to ensure that bureaucrats fulfill their promises in return for an agreed budget, (3) the ability to ensure that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the total benefits individuals derive from consuming whatever output it is that the bureaucracy provides are equal to or greater than the total costs of providing it (Hindmoor, 2006) and (4) the ability to ensure that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the marginal benefits of any output are not negative (Hindmoor, 2006). As Hindmoor points out, however, Niskanen has accepted the argument of Jean-Luc Migue and Gerard Belanger (1974) that bureaucrats do not so much maximize the size of their budget, but rather that of their discretionary budget, defined as the difference between their budget and the minimum costs of supplying their expected output. They argue that though this discretionary budget cannot be used by the bureaucrat for personal profit, it can be used to gain greater power, patronage, prestige, and so on (Hindmoor, 2006). Regardless of this distinction, however, the conclusion is still that the bureaucracies are inefficient because their budgets are too large. (Hindmoor, 2006) Hindmoor further critiques Niskanens argument by citing several works by multiple authors who point out that (1) politicians actually hold great power over bureaucrats, so much so that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦bureaucrats can be deterred from making excessive demandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2) politicians can trick bureaucrats into revealing information on minimal costs by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦asking them how much output they would be willing to provide at various per unit prices. (3) constituents and interest-groups may raise alarms about with regard to ineffective bureaucracies, (4) administrative rules and standard operating procedures keep bureaucracies in line, and (5) that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Congressional Committees have the formal power to hire and fire senior bureaucrats, ring-fence particular investments and hold investigations and public-hearings into an agencys performance (Hindmoor, 2006). In his discussion, Tullock concludes by emphasizing that bureaucrats are not necessarily bad people, but that the institutional arrangement often frees them of the constraint of efficiently carrying out the tasks to which they have been assigned. The author then iterates that both large governments and large private corporations necessitate bureaucracies, and that such bureaucracies can be both conducive and/or obstructive to good government. (Tullock, 2002) Now, while rational choice theory certainly dominates discussion of government inefficiency Field (1979) argues that while it provides an easy framework for analysis, it is incapable of providing explanations. He argues that since rational choice models are as incapable of providing sufficiently restrictive predictions, which provide accounts which tell why a certain outcome was reached instead of another. He points to the inability of neoclassical economic analysis in explaining oligopolies, citing that Economists can analyze an existing cartel by pointing to the benefits which participating companies receive as the result of restricting output and raising prices. But economist can equally well analyze the absence of a cartel by pointing to the benefits individual members would obtain by violating such an agreement. (Field, 1979) Field goes on to critique the idea of explaining social outcomes based on the conception that they spring from economic forces. He mentions that while rational choice models have the comparative advantage when it comes to understanding outcomes which are caused by economic forces, they do not take into consideration the ways in which social forces affect the operation of markets. (Field, 1979) Field thus argues that the inherent limitations of rational choice/economic models in explaining systems of rules mean that they are no replacement for institutional economists qualitative approach, which holds historical understanding of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦laws and customs organizing the process under investigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as essential. However, he does make the consideration that while rational choice models cannot satisfactorily explain institutions by themselves, they can help. (Field, 1979) Institutional Economics R.A. Gordon (1963) attempts to outline the characteristics of institutional economics in the form of several propositions: (1) Economic behavior is strongly conditioned by the institutional environment (in all its manifestation) within which economic activity takes place, and economic behavior in turn affects the institutional environment. (2) This process of mutual interaction is an evolutionary one. The environment changes, and as it does, so do the determinants of economic behavior. Hence the need for an evolutionary approach to economics. (3) In this evolutionary process of interaction, a key role is played by the (largely conflicting) conditions imposed by modern technology and by the pecuniary institutions of modern capitalism. (4) Economics is more concerned with conflict than with a harmonious order in which unconscious [cooperation] results from the free play of market forces. (5) Since conflict underlies so many economic relationships, and since these relationships are not immutable, there is room and need for social control of economic activity. (6) We need to learn all that we can from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and law if we are to understand why human beings act as they do in their economic roles. People are not maximizing automata reacting mechanically in an institutional vacuum. (7) Granted the preceding assumptions, much of orthodox economic theory is either wrong or irrelevant because it makes demonstrably false assumptions and does not ask the really important questions. A new, broader, evolutionary theory based on behavioral assumptions derived from the other social sciences and on detailed knowledge of the evolution and present characteristics of the institutional environment needs to be constructed. A wide variety of empirical studies must precede the attempt to construct such a broader, evolutionary, and more realistic corpus of theory (Gordon, 1963). Thorstein Veblen is commonlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦regarded as the founding father or guiding spirit of American institutionalism. (Ayres, 1964) In Institutional Economics, Ayres argues that the central idea of Veblens works was a call for a completely different ontology of economics with a completely different conception of what constituted the economy. Whereas the conception of mainstream economics has been that the economic system is centered on the concept of the market and tied together by individuals self-interest. Instead, Ayres asserts that Veblen took on an anthropological conception of the economy. One where in it is the state of industrial arts that gives occasion to exchange, so the extent of the market must always be limited by the state of the industrial arts. This was the direct opposite of the thinking of mainstream economics at that point: that the various aspects of civilizations development could be attributed to market forces. (Ayres, 1964) Ayres puts Veb